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Japanese martial art

Karate (空手)
Hanashiro Chomo.jpg

Chōmo Hanashiro, c.  1938

As well known as Karate Do (空手道)
Focus Striking
Hardness Full-contact, semi-contact, low-cal-contact
Country of origin Ryukyu Kingdom (Present day Okinawa prefecture, Japan)
Parenthood Indigenous martial arts of Ryukyu Islands, Chinese martial arts[one] [2]
Olympic sport Debuted in 2021
Karate
Karate WC Tampere 2006-1.jpg

Karate Earth Championship 2006 in Tampere, Republic of finland; men's heavyweight terminal
Highest governing body World Karate Federation
First developed Ryukyu Kingdom, ca. 17th century
Characteristics
Contact Yes
Mixed-sex No
Type Martial art
Presence
Country or region Worldwide
Olympic Debuted in 2021
Globe Games 1981 – 2017
Karate
Karate (Chinese characters).svg

"Karate" in kanji

Japanese name
Kanji 空手
Hiragana からて
Katakana カラテ

Karate ( 空手 ) (; Japanese pronunciation: [kaɾate] ( listen ); Okinawan pronunciation: [kaɽati]) is a martial art developed in the Ryukyu Kingdom. It adult from the indigenous Ryukyuan martial arts (called te ( 手 ), "hand"; tii in Okinawan) under the influence of Chinese martial arts, especially Fujian White Crane.[1] [2] Karate is now predominantly a striking art using punching, kick, knee joint strikes, elbow strikes and open up-hand techniques such as knife-hands, spear-hands and palm-heel strikes. Historically, and in some modern styles, grappling, throws, joint locks, restraints and vital-bespeak strikes are also taught.[3] A karate practitioner is chosen a karateka ( 空手家 ).

The Empire of Japan annexed the Ryukyu Kingdom in 1879. Karate came to mainland Japan in the early 20th century during a time of migration every bit Ryukyuans, especially from Okinawa, looked for piece of work in the master islands of Japan.[4] It was systematically taught in Japan after the Taishō era of 1912–1926.[5] In 1922, the Japanese Ministry of Education invited Gichin Funakoshi to Tokyo to give a karate demonstration. In 1924, Keio University established the first university karate club in mainland Nippon, and by 1932 major Japanese universities had karate clubs.[half-dozen] In this era of escalating Japanese militarism,[seven] the proper noun was changed from 唐手 ("Chinese hand" or "Tang hand")[8] to 空手 ("empty paw") – both of which are pronounced karate in Japanese – to indicate that the Japanese wished to develop the combat course in Japanese style.[9] Subsequently World War Ii, Okinawa became (1945) an of import United States military site and karate became popular among servicemen stationed in that location.[x] [11]

The martial arts movies of the 1960s and 1970s served to greatly increase the popularity of martial arts effectually the world, and English-speakers began to use the word karate in a generic way to refer to all hitting-based Asian martial arts.[12] Karate schools began appearing around the world, catering to those with casual interest besides as those seeking a deeper study of the fine art.

Shigeru Egami, Chief Instructor of the Shotokan dōjō, opined that "the majority of followers of karate in overseas countries pursue karate only for its fighting techniques ... Movies and telly ... depict karate as a mysterious way of fighting capable of causing decease or injury with a single blow ... the mass media nowadays a pseudo art far from the real thing."[13] Shōshin Nagamine said: "Karate may be considered as the conflict inside oneself or every bit a life-long marathon which can be won only through self-discipline, difficult training and ane'due south ain artistic efforts."[14]

On 28 September 2015 karate featured on a shortlist (forth with baseball, softball, skateboarding, surfing, and sport climbing) for consideration for inclusion in the 2020 Summertime Olympics. On one June 2016 the International Olympic Committee'south executive board announced they were supporting the inclusion of all five sports (counting baseball game and softball every bit only one sport) for inclusion in the 2020 Games.

Web Nippon (sponsored by the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs) claims that karate has 50 million practitioners worldwide,[15] while the World Karate Federation claims there are 100 million practitioners effectually the world.[16]

Etymology [edit]

Karate was originally written as "Chinese paw" ( 唐手 , literally "Tang dynasty hand") in kanji. It was changed to a homophone meaning empty hand (空手) in 1935. The original use of the word "karate" in impress is attributed to Ankō Itosu; he wrote it as "唐手". The Tang Dynasty of China ended in AD 907, simply the kanji representing it remains in use in Japanese language referring to Cathay generally, in such words as "唐人街" pregnant Chinatown. Thus the word "karate" was originally a manner of expressing "martial art from China."

Since there are no written records information technology is not known definitely whether the kara in karate was originally written with the character 唐 meaning China or the character 空 pregnant empty. During the time when admiration for China and things Chinese was at its acme in the Ryūkyūs it was the custom to utilize the former character when referring to things of fine quality. Influenced past this practise, in recent times karate has begun to be written with the character 唐 to give information technology a sense of class or elegance.

—Gichin Funakoshi[17]

The first documented use of a homophone of the logogram pronounced kara by replacing the Chinese character meaning "Tang Dynasty" with the grapheme meaning "empty" took place in Karate Kumite written in August 1905 by Chōmo Hanashiro (1869–1945). Sino-Japanese relations take never been very good and especially at the time of the Japanese invasion of Manchuria, referring to the Chinese origins of karate was considered politically incorrect.[18]

In 1933, the Okinawan art of karate was recognized as a Japanese martial fine art by the Japanese Martial Arts Committee known as the "Butoku Kai". Until 1935, "karate" was written equally "唐手" (Chinese mitt). Simply in 1935, the masters of the various styles of Okinawan karate conferred to decide a new proper name for their art. They decided to call their art "karate" written in Japanese characters every bit "空手" (empty manus).[19]

Some other nominal development is the add-on of dō (道:どう) to the terminate of the give-and-take karate. Dō is a suffix having numerous meanings including road, path, route and way. Information technology is used in many martial arts that survived Japan's transition from feudal culture to modern times. It implies that these arts are not simply fighting systems just contain spiritual elements when promoted as disciplines. In this context dō is usually translated as "the way of ___". Examples include aikido, judo, kyūdō and kendo. Thus karatedō is more than than just empty paw techniques. It is "The Way of the Empty Paw".

History [edit]

Okinawa [edit]

Karate began equally a common fighting organisation known as te (Okinawan: ti) among the Pechin course of the Ryukyuans. Subsequently trade relationships were established with the Ming dynasty of China in 1372 by King Satto of Chūzan, some forms of Chinese martial arts were introduced to the Ryukyu Islands by the visitors from China, particularly Fujian Province. A large group of Chinese families moved to Okinawa around 1392 for the purpose of cultural exchange, where they established the community of Kumemura and shared their knowledge of a wide variety of Chinese arts and sciences, including the Chinese martial arts. The political centralization of Okinawa past King Shō Hashi in 1429 and the policy of banning weapons by King Shō Shin in 1477, afterwards enforced in Okinawa after the invasion past the Shimazu association in 1609, are also factors that furthered the development of unarmed gainsay techniques in Okinawa.[two]

There were few formal styles of te, but rather many practitioners with their own methods. One surviving example is the Motobu-ryū schoolhouse passed down from the Motobu family by Seikichi Uehara.[20] Early styles of karate are oft generalized as Shuri-te, Naha-te, and Tomari-te, named subsequently the three cities from which they emerged.[xix] Each area and its teachers had particular kata, techniques, and principles that distinguished their local version of te from the others.

Members of the Okinawan upper classes were sent to China regularly to study various political and practical disciplines. The incorporation of empty-handed Chinese Kung Fu into Okinawan martial arts occurred partly because of these exchanges and partly because of growing legal restrictions on the use of weaponry. Traditional karate kata deport a strong resemblance to the forms found in Fujian martial arts such as Fujian White Crane, Five Ancestors, and Gangrou-quan (Hard Soft Fist; pronounced "Gōjūken" in Japanese).[21] Many Okinawan weapons such as the sai, tonfa, and nunchaku may have originated in and effectually Southeast Asia.[ citation needed ]

Sakukawa Kanga (1782–1838) had studied pugilism and staff (bo) fighting in China (according to one fable, under the guidance of Kosokun, originator of kusanku kata). In 1806, he started teaching a fighting fine art in the metropolis of Shuri that he called "Tudi Sakukawa," which meant "Sakukawa of China Paw." This was the first known recorded reference to the fine art of "Tudi," written as 唐手. Effectually the 1820s Sakukawa'south nigh pregnant student Matsumura Sōkon (1809–1899) taught a synthesis of te (Shuri-te and Tomari-te) and Shaolin (Chinese 少林) styles.[ citation needed ] Matsumura's style would later go the Shōrin-ryū style.

Matsumura taught his art to Itosu Ankō (1831–1915) among others. Itosu adapted two forms he had learned from Matsumura. These are kusanku and chiang nan.[22] He created the ping'an forms ("heian" or "pinan" in Japanese) which are simplified kata for first students. In 1901, Itosu helped to get karate introduced into Okinawa'due south public schools. These forms were taught to children at the uncomplicated school level. Itosu'southward influence in karate is wide. The forms he created are common beyond well-nigh all styles of karate. His students became some of the virtually well-known karate masters, including Gichin Funakoshi, Kenwa Mabuni, and Chōki Motobu. Itosu is sometimes referred to as "the Gramps of Modern Karate."[23]

In 1881, Higaonna Kanryō returned from China after years of instruction with Ryu Ryu Ko and founded what would become Naha-te. One of his students was the founder of Gojū-ryū, Chōjun Miyagi. Chōjun Miyagi taught such well-known karateka every bit Seko Higa (who also trained with Higaonna), Meitoku Yagi, Miyazato Ei'ichi, and Seikichi Toguchi, and for a very brief time near the end of his life, An'ichi Miyagi (a instructor claimed past Morio Higaonna).

In addition to the three early on te styles of karate a fourth Okinawan influence is that of Uechi Kanbun (1877–1948). At the age of 20 he went to Fuzhou in Fujian Province, Red china, to escape Japanese military conscription. While in that location he studied under Shū Shiwa (Chinese: Zhou Zihe 周子和 1874-1926).[24] He was a leading figure of Chinese Nanpa Shorin-ken style at that time.[25] He later developed his own style of Uechi-ryū karate based on the Sanchin, Seisan, and Sanseiryu kata that he had studied in Prc.[26]

Nihon [edit]

Gichin Funakoshi, the founder of Shotokan karate, is generally credited with having introduced and popularized karate on the main islands of Japan. In addition, many Okinawans were actively pedagogy, and are thus also responsible for the development of karate on the main islands. Funakoshi was a educatee of both Asato Ankō and Itosu Ankō (who had worked to introduce karate to the Okinawa Prefectural School System in 1902). During this time period, prominent teachers who too influenced the spread of karate in Japan included Kenwa Mabuni, Chōjun Miyagi, Chōki Motobu, Kanken Tōyama, and Kanbun Uechi. This was a turbulent period in the history of the region. It includes Japan'south annexation of the Okinawan isle group in 1872, the First Sino-Japanese War (1894–1895), the Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905), the annexation of Korea, and the rise of Japanese militarism (1905–1945).

Nippon was invading People's republic of china at the time, and Funakoshi knew that the art of Tang/Prc hand would not be accustomed; thus the change of the art'south name to "fashion of the empty hand." The dō suffix implies that karatedō is a path to self-knowledge, not just a study of the technical aspects of fighting. Like about martial arts practised in Nippon, karate made its transition from -jutsu to -dō around the offset of the 20th century. The "dō" in "karate-dō" sets it apart from karate-jutsu, every bit aikido is distinguished from aikijutsu, judo from jujutsu, kendo from kenjutsu and iaido from iaijutsu.

Funakoshi changed the names of many kata and the name of the art itself (at to the lowest degree on mainland Japan), doing so to get karate accepted by the Japanese budō organization Dai Nippon Butoku Kai. Funakoshi also gave Japanese names to many of the kata. The five pinan forms became known as heian, the iii naihanchi forms became known as tekki, seisan as hangetsu, Chintō every bit gankaku, wanshu every bit enpi, then on. These were mostly political changes, rather than changes to the content of the forms, although Funakoshi did introduce some such changes. Funakoshi had trained in 2 of the popular branches of Okinawan karate of the time, Shorin-ryū and Shōrei-ryū. In Japan he was influenced by kendo, incorporating some ideas nearly distancing and timing into his manner. He e'er referred to what he taught as simply karate, only in 1936 he congenital a dōjō in Tokyo and the mode he left backside is commonly called Shotokan after this dōjō. Shoto, pregnant "pine wave", was Funakoshi'due south pen name and kan meaning "hall".

The modernization and systemization of karate in Nippon also included the adoption of the white uniform that consisted of the kimono and the dogi or keikogi—generally called just karategi—and coloured belt ranks. Both of these innovations were originated and popularized by Jigoro Kano, the founder of judo and one of the men Funakoshi consulted in his efforts to modernize karate.

A new form of karate called Kyokushin was formally founded in 1957 by Masutatsu Oyama (who was built-in a Korean, Choi Yeong-Eui 최영의). Kyokushin is largely a synthesis of Shotokan and Gōjū-ryū. It teaches a curriculum that emphasizes aliveness, physical toughness, and full contact sparring. Because of its accent on physical, full-forcefulness sparring, Kyokushin is now often chosen "full contact karate", or "Knockdown karate" (after the proper noun for its competition rules). Many other karate organizations and styles are descended from the Kyokushin curriculum.

Do [edit]

Karate can be practiced as an art (budō), self defense or as a combat sport. Traditional karate places emphasis on self-development (budō).[27] Modern Japanese mode training emphasizes the psychological elements incorporated into a proper kokoro (attitude) such as perseverance, fearlessness, virtue, and leadership skills. Sport karate places emphasis on exercise and competition. Weapons are an important training activity in some styles of karate.

Karate training is commonly divided into kihon (basics or fundamentals), kata (forms), and kumite (sparring).

Kihon [edit]

Kihon means basics and these grade the base for everything else in the manner including stances, strikes, punches, kicks and blocks. Karate styles place varying importance on kihon. Typically this is preparation in unison of a technique or a combination of techniques past a grouping of karateka. Kihon may besides exist prearranged drills in smaller groups or in pairs.

Kata [edit]

Chōki Motobu in Naihanchi-dachi, i of the basic karate stances

Kata (型:かた) means literally "shape" or "model." Kata is a formalized sequence of movements which correspond various offensive and defensive postures. These postures are based on idealized gainsay applications. The applications when applied in a demonstration with real opponents is referred to equally a Bunkai. The Bunkai shows how every opinion and movement is used. Bunkai is a useful tool to sympathize a kata.

To attain a formal rank the karateka must demonstrate competent performance of specific required kata for that level. The Japanese terminology for grades or ranks is commonly used. Requirements for examinations vary among schools.

Kumite [edit]

Sparring in Karate is called kumite (組手:くみて). It literally means "meeting of easily." Kumite is adept both as a sport and as cocky-defense grooming.

Levels of physical contact during sparring vary considerably. Full contact karate has several variants. Knockdown karate (such as Kyokushin) uses full power techniques to bring an opponent to the footing. In kickboxing variants (for example K-1), the preferred win is past knockout. Sparring in armour, bogu kumite, allows full ability techniques with some safety. Sport kumite in many international contest under the World Karate Federation is gratuitous or structured with light contact or semi contact and points are awarded by a referee.

In structured kumite (yakusoku, prearranged), two participants perform a choreographed series of techniques with i striking while the other blocks. The form ends with one devastating technique (hito tsuki).

In gratis sparring (Jiyu Kumite), the two participants accept a gratis selection of scoring techniques. The allowed techniques and contact level are primarily determined by sport or manner organization policy, merely might be modified according to the historic period, rank and sex of the participants. Depending upon style, take-downs, sweeps and in some rare cases even time-limited grappling on the ground are also allowed.

Gratuitous sparring is performed in a marked or closed expanse. The bout runs for a fixed time (2 to 3 minutes.) The fourth dimension can run continuously (iri kume) or be stopped for referee judgment. In light contact or semi contact kumite, points are awarded based on the criteria: good course, sporting attitude, vigorous application, awareness/zanshin, good timing and correct distance. In total contact karate kumite, points are based on the results of the impact, rather than the formal appearance of the scoring technique.

Dōjō Kun [edit]

In the bushidō tradition dōjō kun is a set of guidelines for karateka to follow. These guidelines apply both in the dōjō (training hall) and in everyday life.

Workout [edit]

Okinawan karate uses supplementary training known as hojo disengage. This utilizes uncomplicated equipment made of wood and rock. The makiwara is a striking mail service. The nigiri game is a big jar used for developing grip strength. These supplementary exercises are designed to increment strength, stamina, speed, and muscle coordination.[28] Sport Karate emphasizes aerobic exercise, anaerobic exercise, power, agility, flexibility, and stress management.[29] All practices vary depending upon the school and the instructor.

Sport [edit]

Gichin Funakoshi ( 船越 義珍 ) said, "There are no contests in karate."[30] In pre–World State of war Two Okinawa, kumite was not part of karate preparation.[31] Shigeru Egami relates that, in 1940, some karateka were ousted from their dōjō considering they adopted sparring after having learned it in Tokyo.[32]

Karate is divided into way organizations.[33] These organizations sometimes cooperate in not-mode specific sport karate organizations or federations. Examples of sport organizations include AAKF/ITKF, AOK, TKL, AKA, WKF, NWUKO, WUKF and WKC.[34] Organizations hold competitions (tournaments) from local to international level. Tournaments are designed to match members of opposing schools or styles against one another in kata, sparring and weapons demonstration. They are often separated by age, rank and sex with potentially unlike rules or standards based on these factors. The tournament may be exclusively for members of a particular way (closed) or one in which any martial artist from any fashion may participate within the rules of the tournament (open up).

The World Karate Federation (WKF) is the largest sport karate system and is recognized by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) every bit beingness responsible for karate competition in the Olympic Games.[35] The WKF has developed common rules governing all styles. The national WKF organizations coordinate with their corresponding National Olympic Committees.

WKF karate competition has two disciplines: sparring (kumite) and forms (kata).[36] Competitors may enter either as individuals or equally role of a team. Evaluation for kata and kobudō is performed by a console of judges, whereas sparring is judged by a head referee, commonly with assistant referees at the side of the sparring expanse. Sparring matches are typically divided past weight, historic period, gender, and experience.[37]

WKF merely allows membership through 1 national organization/federation per state to which clubs may join. The World Wedlock of Karate-exercise Federations (WUKF)[38] offers different styles and federations a world body they may join, without having to compromise their manner or size. The WUKF accepts more than one federation or association per country.

Sport organizations use different competition dominion systems.[33] [37] [39] [40] [41] Calorie-free contact rules are used past the WKF, WUKO, IASK and WKC. Full contact karate rules used by Kyokushinkai, Seidokaikan and other organizations. Bogu kumite (full contact with protective shielding of targets) rules are used in the Earth Koshiki Karate-Practise Federation organization.[42] Shinkaratedo Federation employ boxing gloves.[43] Within the U.s., rules may be under the jurisdiction of state sports authorities, such equally the battle commission.

In August 2016, the International Olympic Committee approved karate as an Olympic sport beginning at the 2020 Summer Olympics.[44] [45]

Karate, although non widely used in mixed martial arts, has been effective for some MMA practitioners.[46] [47] Diverse styles of karate are adept in MMA: Lyoto Machida and John Makdessi practice Shotokan;[48] Bas Rutten and Georges St-Pierre train in Kyokushin;[49] Michelle Waterson holds a black belt in American Free Manner Karate;[50] Stephen Thompson practices American Kenpo Karate;[51] and Robert Whittaker practices Gōjū-ryū.[52]

Rank [edit]

Karatekas wearing unlike colored belts

See as well: Kyū

In 1924, Gichin Funakoshi, founder of Shotokan Karate, adopted the Dan arrangement from the judo founder Jigoro Kano[53] using a rank scheme with a limited set of belt colors. Other Okinawan teachers also adopted this practice. In the Kyū/Dan system the beginner grades commencement with a higher numbered kyū (e.thou., 10th Kyū or Jukyū) and progress toward a lower numbered kyū. The Dan progression continues from 1st Dan (Shodan, or 'beginning dan') to the higher dan grades. Kyū-form karateka are referred to every bit "color belt" or mudansha ("ones without dan/rank"). Dan-course karateka are referred to as yudansha (holders of dan/rank). Yudansha typically vesture a black chugalug. Normally, the commencement v to six dans are given past examination by superior dan holders, while the subsequent (7 and upwards) are honorary, given for special merits and/or age reached. Requirements of rank differ amidst styles, organizations, and schools. Kyū ranks stress opinion, balance, and coordination. Speed and power are added at higher grades.

Minimum age and fourth dimension in rank are factors affecting promotion. Testing consists of demonstration of techniques before a console of examiners. This will vary by schoolhouse, but testing may include everything learned at that point, or just new information. The sit-in is an application for new rank (shinsa) and may include kata, bunkai, self-defense, routines, tameshiwari (breaking), and kumite (sparring).

Philosophy [edit]

In Karate-Do Kyohan, Funakoshi quoted from the Heart Sutra, which is prominent in Shingon Buddhism: "Form is emptiness, emptiness is course itself" (shiki zokuze kū kū zokuze shiki).[54] He interpreted the "kara" of Karate-dō to mean "to purge oneself of selfish and evil thoughts ... for merely with a clear listen and conscience tin can the practitioner sympathize the cognition which he receives." Funakoshi believed that one should exist "inwardly humble and outwardly gentle." But by behaving humbly can 1 be open up to Karate'south many lessons. This is washed by listening and being receptive to criticism. He considered courtesy of prime importance. He said that "Karate is properly applied only in those rare situations in which i really must either downwards some other or be downed past him." Funakoshi did non consider it unusual for a devotee to utilize Karate in a real concrete confrontation no more than peradventure in one case in a lifetime. He stated that Karate practitioners must "never be hands drawn into a fight." It is understood that one accident from a real expert could hateful death. It is articulate that those who misuse what they have learned bring dishonor upon themselves. He promoted the character trait of personal conviction. In "fourth dimension of grave public crunch, one must accept the courage ... to face up a 1000000 and i opponents." He taught that indecisiveness is a weakness.[55]

World [edit]

Africa [edit]

Karate has grown in popularity in Africa, particularly in South Africa and Ghana.[56] [57] [58]

Americas [edit]

Canada [edit]

Karate began in Canada in the 1930s and 1940s as Japanese people immigrated to the land. Karate was practised quietly without a large amount of organization. During the Second World War, many Japanese-Canadian families were moved to the interior of British Columbia. Masaru Shintani, at the age of 13, began to written report Shorin-Ryu karate in the Japanese camp nether Kitigawa. In 1956, after ix years of grooming with Kitigawa, Shintani travelled to Japan and met Hironori Otsuka (Wado Ryu). In 1958, Otsuka invited Shintani to join his organization Wado Kai, and in 1969 he asked Shintani to officially call his manner Wado.[59]

In Canada during this same time, karate was also introduced past Masami Tsuruoka who had studied in Japan in the 1940s nether Tsuyoshi Chitose.[60] In 1954, Tsuruoka initiated the first karate competition in Canada and laid the foundation for the National Karate Clan.[sixty]

In the tardily 1950s Shintani moved to Ontario and began teaching karate and judo at the Japanese Cultural Centre in Hamilton. In 1966, he began (with Otsuka's endorsement) the Shintani Wado Kai Karate Federation. During the 1970s Otsuka appointed Shintani the Supreme Teacher of Wado Kai in North America. In 1979, Otsuka publicly promoted Shintani to hachidan (8th dan) and privately gave him a kudan certificate (9th dan), which was revealed by Shintani in 1995. Shintani and Otsuka visited each other in Japan and Canada several times, the last time in 1980 two years prior to Otsuka's death. Shintani died 7 May 2000.[59]

Usa [edit]

After World War II, members of the United States military learned karate in Okinawa or Japan and then opened schools in the U.s.a.. In 1945, Robert Trias opened the first dōjō in the The states in Phoenix, Arizona, a Shuri-ryū karate dōjō.[61] In the 1950s, William J. Dometrich, Ed Parker, Cecil T. Patterson, Gordon Doversola, Donald Hugh Nagle, George Mattson and Peter Urban all began instructing in the Usa.

Tsutomu Ohshima began studying karate under Shotokan's founder, Gichin Funakoshi, while a student at Waseda University, beginning in 1948. In 1957, Ohshima received his godan (5th-degree blackness belt), the highest rank awarded by Funakoshi. He founded the first university karate club in the United States at California Institute of Technology in 1957. In 1959, he founded the Southern California Karate Association (SCKA) which was renamed Shotokan Karate of America (SKA) in 1969.

In the 1960s, Anthony Mirakian, Richard Kim, Teruyuki Okazaki, John Pachivas, Allen Steen, Gosei Yamaguchi (son of Gōgen Yamaguchi), Michael G. Foster and Pat Burleson began educational activity martial arts around the country.[62]

In 1961, Hidetaka Nishiyama, a co-founder of the Nippon Karate Clan (JKA) and pupil of Gichin Funakoshi, began instruction in the Us. He founded the International Traditional Karate Federation (ITKF). Takayuki Mikami was sent to New Orleans by the JKA in 1963.

In 1964, Takayuki Kubota relocated the International Karate Association from Tokyo to California.

Asia [edit]

Korea [edit]

Due to past conflict between Korea and Nippon, most notably during the Japanese occupation of Korea in the early 20th century, the influence of karate in Korea is a contentious event.[63] From 1910 until 1945, Korea was annexed by the Japanese Empire. It was during this time that many of the Korean martial arts masters of the 20th century were exposed to Japanese karate. After regaining independence from Japan, many Korean martial arts schools that opened upwards in the 1940s and 1950s were founded by masters who had trained in karate in Japan as part of their martial arts training.

Won Kuk Lee, a Korean student of Funakoshi, founded the first martial arts school after the Japanese occupation of Korea ended in 1945, called the Chung Do Kwan. Having studied under Gichin Funakoshi at Chuo University, Lee had incorporated taekkyon, kung fu, and karate in the martial art that he taught which he chosen "Tang Soo Do", the Korean transliteration of the Chinese characters for "Way of Chinese Hand" (唐手道).[64] In the mid-1950s, the martial arts schools were unified under President Rhee Syngman's order, and became taekwondo under the leadership of Choi Hong Howdy and a committee of Korean masters. Choi, a meaning figure in taekwondo history, had also studied karate under Funakoshi. Karate as well provided an important comparative model for the early founders of taekwondo in the formalization of their art including hyung and the chugalug ranking arrangement. The original taekwondo hyung were identical to karate kata. Eventually, original Korean forms were adult by individual schools and associations. Although the Earth Taekwondo Federation and International Taekwon-Practice Federation are the virtually prominent among Korean martial arts organizations, tang soo practice schools that teach Japanese karate notwithstanding exist as they were originally conveyed to Won Kuk Lee and his contemporaries from Funakoshi.

Soviet Union [edit]

Karate appeared in the Soviet Wedlock in the mid-1960s, during Nikita Khrushchev's policy of improved international relations. The showtime Shotokan clubs were opened in Moscow's universities.[65] In 1973, however, the authorities banned karate—together with all other strange martial arts—endorsing simply the Soviet martial art of sambo.[66] [67] Declining to suppress these uncontrolled groups, the USSR'south Sport Committee formed the Karate Federation of USSR in December 1978.[68] On 17 May 1984, the Soviet Karate Federation was disbanded and all karate became illegal once again. In 1989, karate practise became legal again, but under strict government regulations, merely afterward the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 did independent karate schools resume functioning, and so federations were formed and national tournaments in authentic styles began.[69] [seventy]

Europe [edit]

In the 1950s and 1960s, several Japanese karate masters began to teach the fine art in Europe, but it was non until 1965 that the Japan Karate Association (JKA) sent to Europe four well-trained young Karate instructors Taiji Kase, Keinosuke Enoeda, Hirokazu Kanazawa and Hiroshi Shirai.[ citation needed ] Kase went to French republic, Enoeada to England and Shirai in Italy. These Masters maintained always a potent link between them, the JKA and the others JKA masters in the world, especially Hidetaka Nishiyama in the United states of america

France [edit]

France Shotokan Karate was created in 1964 past Tsutomu Ohshima. It is affiliated with another of his organizations, Shotokan Karate of America (SKA). Withal, in 1965 Taiji Kase came from Japan along with Enoeda and Shirai, who went to England and Italy respectively, and karate came nether the influence of the JKA.

Italia [edit]

Hiroshi Shirai, one of the original instructors sent by the JKA to Europe forth with Kase, Enoeda and Kanazawa, moved to Italy in 1965 and chop-chop established a Shotokan enclave that spawned several instructors who in their turn soon spread the style all over the country. By 1970 Shotokan karate was the most spread martial art in Italia autonomously from Judo. Other styles such as Wado Ryu, Goju Ryu and Shito Ryu, are present and well established in Italy, while Shotokan remains the most pop.

Great britain [edit]

Vernon Bell, a third Dan Judo instructor who had been instructed past Kenshiro Abbe introduced Karate to England in 1956, having attended classes in Henry Plée's Yoseikan dōjō in Paris. Yoseikan had been founded by Minoru Mochizuki, a primary of multiple Japanese martial arts, who had studied Karate with Gichin Funakoshi, thus the Yoseikan style was heavily influenced by Shotokan.[71] Bong began teaching in the lawn tennis courts of his parents' back garden in Ilford, Essex and his grouping was to go the British Karate Federation. On 19 July 1957, Vietnamese Hoang Nam tertiary Dan, billed as "Karate champion of Indo China", was invited to teach past Bell at Maybush Road, but the start instructor from Japan was Tetsuji Murakami (1927–1987) a 3rd Dan Yoseikan under Minoru Mochizuki and 1st Dan of the JKA, who arrived in England in July 1959.[71] In 1959, Frederick Gille fix upwardly the Liverpool co-operative of the British Karate Federation, which was officially recognised in 1961. The Liverpool co-operative was based at Harold Business firm Jewish Boys Social club in Chatham Street before relocating to the YMCA in Everton where information technology became known as the Red Triangle. 1 of the early members of this co-operative was Andy Sherry who had previously studied Jujutsu with Jack Britten. In 1961, Edward Ainsworth, another blackbelt Judoka, set up the showtime Karate study group in Ayrshire, Scotland having attended Bell's third 'Karate Summertime School' in 1961.[71]

Outside of Bell'due south organisation, Charles Mack traveled to Japan and studied under Masatoshi Nakayama of the Japan Karate Clan who graded Mack to 1st Dan Shotokan on 4 March 1962 in Japan.[71] Shotokai Karate was introduced to England in 1963 by another of Gichin Funakoshi's students, Mitsusuke Harada.[71] Outside of the Shotokan stable of karate styles, Wado Ryu Karate was also an early adopted fashion in the UK, introduced by Tatsuo Suzuki, a 6th Dan at the time in 1964.

Despite the early on adoption of Shotokan in the Britain, it was non until 1964 that JKA Shotokan officially came to the Britain. Bong had been corresponding with the JKA in Tokyo asking for his grades to exist ratified in Shotokan having obviously learnt that Murakami was not a designated representative of the JKA. The JKA obliged, and without enforcing a grading on Bell, ratified his blackness belt on v February 1964, though he had to relinquish his Yoseikan grade. Bell requested a visitation from JKA instructors and the next year Taiji Kase, Hirokazu Kanazawa, Keinosuke Enoeda and Hiroshi Shirai gave the starting time JKA demo at the former Kensington Town Hall on 21 April 1965. Hirokazu Kanazawa and Keinosuke Enoeda stayed and Murakami left (later re-emerging as a 5th Dan Shotokai nether Harada).[71]

In 1966, members of the former British Karate Federation established the Karate Matrimony of Great Great britain (KUGB) under Hirokazu Kanazawa as primary instructor[72] and affiliated to JKA. Keinosuke Enoeda came to England at the same time as Kanazawa, teaching at a dōjō in Liverpool. Kanazawa left the UK after 3 years and Enoeda took over. After Enoeda'southward death in 2003, the KUGB elected Andy Sherry as Chief Instructor. Before long after this, a new association split off from KUGB, JKA England. An earlier meaning split up from the KUGB took place in 1991 when a group led by KUGB senior instructor Steve Cattle formed the English language Shotokan University (ESA). The aim of this group was to follow the teachings of Taiji Kase, formerly the JKA chief instructor in Europe, who along with Hiroshi Shirai created the World Shotokan Karate-practice Academy (WKSA), in 1989 in club to pursue the didactics of "Budo" karate as opposed to what he viewed equally "sport karate". Kase sought to return the exercise of Shotokan Karate to its martial roots, reintroducing amongst other things open paw and throwing techniques that had been side lined as the result of contest rules introduced by the JKA. Both the ESA and the WKSA (renamed the Kase-Ha Shotokan-Ryu Karate-practise University (KSKA) afterwards Kase'due south death in 2004) continue post-obit this path today. In 1975, Great United kingdom became the starting time team ever to take the World male team championship from Japan afterwards beingness defeated the previous year in the final.

In film and popular culture [edit]

Karate spread rapidly in the West through pop civilization. In 1950s popular fiction, karate was at times described to readers in virtually-mythical terms, and it was credible to show Western experts of unarmed combat as unaware of Eastern martial arts of this kind.[73] Following the inclusion of judo at the 1964 Tokyo Olympics, there was growing mainstream Western interest in Japanese martial arts, particularly karate, during the 1960s.[74] By the 1970s, martial arts films (especially kung fu films and Bruce Lee flicks from Hong Kong) had formed a mainstream genre and launched the "kung fu craze" which propelled karate and other Asian martial arts into mass popularity. However, mainstream Western audiences at the time generally did not distinguish between different Asian martial arts such as karate, kung fu and tae kwon practise.[51]

The Karate Kid (1984) and its sequels The Karate Kid, Part 2 (1986), The Karate Kid, Part Iii (1989) and The Next Karate Kid (1994) are films relating the fictional story of an American adolescent's introduction into karate.[75] [76] Its television sequel, Cobra Kai (2018), has led to like growing involvement in karate.[77] The success of The Karate Kid further popularized karate (as opposed to Asian martial arts more generally) in mainstream American popular civilisation.[51] Karate Kommandos is an blithe children's show, with Chuck Norris appearing to reveal the moral lessons contained in every episode.

Many other film stars such as Bruce Lee, Chuck Norris, Jackie Chan, Sammo Hung, and Jet Li come from a range of other martial arts.

See also [edit]

  • Comparison of karate styles
  • Japanese martial arts
  • Karate World Championships
  • Karate at the Summer Olympics
  • Karate at the World Games

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External links [edit]

  • Globe Karate Federation

olsenlosen1972.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karate

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